Elizabeth I – Test 1 – Answers

Test 1 – Answers

1. 1
2. 2
3. 1
4. 3
5. 2
6. 1
7. 3
8. 1
9. 3
10. 3

Author: Alicja Gładysz 2a

Elizabeth I – Test 1

Elizabeth I – Test 1

1.Which of these rulers reigned longest?

1. Edward VI
2. Lady Jane Grey
3. Mary I

2.When did Mary, Queen of Scots come to England?

1. 1558
2. 1568
3. 1588

3.Who wanted to replace Elizabeth with Mary Queen of Scots?

1. The Catholics
2. The Protestants
3. The Puritans

4.What did the leaders of the Northern Rebellion hope to achieve?

1. The assassination of Elizabeth.
2. To make England a Puritan country.
3. To depose Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots.

5.The plots against Elizabeth made her more …

1. anti-Protestant
2. anti-Catholic
3. anti-Parliament

6.Why did Elizabeth refuse to get married?

1. She didn’t want England to have a foreign king.
2. She didn’t want to live abroad.
3. She was already secretly married .

7.What relation to Elizabeth was Mary, Queen of Scots?

1. Sister
2. Daughter
3. Cousin

8.What happened to Mary Queen of Scots?

1. She was executed in 1587.
2. She became Queen of England after Elizabeth died.
3. She married Philip II of Spain.

9.Complete Elizabeth’s famous speech at Tilbury in 1588: ‚I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman; but…’

1. here lands a true subject.’
2. this is the Lord’s doing and it is marvellous.’
3. I have the heart and stomach of a king.’

10.Who succeeded Elizabeth in 1603?

1. Mary I
2. Mary, Queen of Scots
3. James VI of Scotland

 Adapted by : Alicja Gładysz 2a

Elizabeth I – diferent biographies

Adapted from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/timelines/ztfxtfr

‚Good Queen Bess’

Elizabeth I is one of England’s greatest monarchs – perhaps the greatest. Her forces defeated the Spanish Armada and saved England from invasion, she reinstated Protestantism and forged an England that was a strong and independent nation. But she had a very difficult childhood and was fortunate to make it to the throne at all. When she was young, her father Henry VIII executed her mother Anne Boleyn. She was stripped of her inheritance and was imprisoned in the Tower of London.

1533 – Born into the Tudor dynasty

Elizabeth is born on 7 September in Greenwich Palace. News of her birth causes rejoicing across the country, but is a bitter disappointment to her father Henry. He is desperate for a male heir to continue the Tudor dynasty. Although Elizabeth is made next in line to the throne, the King prays his next child will be male – superseding her claim to the throne.

1536 – Mother beheaded

Elizabeth is two years and eight months old when her mother Anne Boleyn is accused of adultery and beheaded on the orders of Henry VIII. Her father marries Anne’s lady-in-waiting Jane Seymour a week later. Elizabeth is declared illegitimate and removed from the royal succession. Her title is downgraded from ‚Princess’ to ‚Lady’. Elizabeth is neglected for a number of years until Henry’s final wife Catherine Parr takes charge and makes sure she is educated to the highest standards and, crucially, taught the art of public speaking by renowned Cambridge scholar Roger Ascham.

1547 – Father dies

Elizabeth is 13-years-old when Henry VIII dies. Her nine-year-old half-brother Edward becomes King. Elizabeth joins the household of her stepmother Catherine Parr. When Elizabeth is caught in an embrace with Parr’s husband Thomas Seymour, she is banished from the house. In 1548 Catherine dies in childbirth and Seymour is subsequently executed for plotting to marry Elizabeth and kidnap Edward VI. When Elizabeth is questioned by the authorities she protests her innocence and escapes prosecution.

1554 – Imprisoned in the Tower of London

After Edward’s early death in 1553 Elizabeth’s older sister Mary I becomes queen. Mary returns the country to Catholicism and begins a series of bloody purges of Protestants. 287 are executed during her short reign. Mary’s plan to marry Prince Phillip of Spain sparks an unsuccessful rebellion and Elizabeth is interrogated about her involvement with the plotters. She is imprisoned in the Tower of London before being put under house arrest in Woodstock, Oxfordshire.

1558 – Elizabeth becomes Queen

Following the death of her half-sister Mary, Elizabeth succeeds to the throne. She is 25. Elizabeth has inherited a country wracked by religious strife and knows she needs public support to remain queen. The celebrations for the coronation the following year are spectacular. As her procession makes its way through London on its way to Westminster she pauses to listen to congratulations and receive flowers from ordinary people on the street.

1559 – Returns England to Protestantism

Elizabeth reinstates the Church of England, and declares she does not want to make „windows into men’s souls”. She removes the Pope as head of the English church and instead becomes its Supreme Governor. She introduces a new Book of Common Prayer and republishes an English translation of the Bible. Elizabeth takes a pragmatic view of her subjects’ personal faith and religious orthodoxies are not strictly enforced.

1560 – Falls in love?

Elizabeth has many suitors but the one who comes closest to winning her heart is Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. The two are very close and she appoints him as one of her most trusted advisors. When his wife Lady Amy Dudley dies suddenly in suspicious circumstances in 1560, rumours start spreading about the nature of Robert’s relationship with the Queen. However Elizabeth ignores the rumours. The precise nature of their relationship remains a mystery to this day.

1566 – Refuses to marry

Parliament refuses to grant Elizabeth any further funds until the matter of her marriage is settled. This angers the Queen and, using her skills of rhetoric, she lambasts members of Parliament saying the welfare of her country is her priority, not marriage and Parliament should keep out of her personal matters – she will marry if and when it is convenient.

1583 – A revolution in theatre

Elizabeth’s reign sees a flourishing of the English theatre. Legislation encourages actors to join touring companies such as Lord Sussex’s Men and Lord Leicester’s Men. They settle in London, first performing in taverns and then in purpose-built theatres. The Queen takes an interest in plays, attending performances at court, and in 1583, she commands the formation of the Queen Elizabeth’s Men. By the 1590s the dominant acting company is the Lord Chamberlain’s for whom Shakespeare writes and performs.

1580-1585 – Exploration and the beginnings of Empire

Elizabeth looks beyond Europe for opportunities to expand trade and increase the nation’s wealth. Her reign sees many voyages of discovery. In 1580 Francis Drake becomes the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe. In 1585 Sir Walter Raleigh sets up a colony of about 100 men on the east coast of North America, which he names Virginia after Elizabeth I, ‘the Virgin Queen’.

1587 – Executes Mary, Queen of Scots

Elizabeth’s Catholic cousin Mary, Queen of Scots is under house arrest in Chartley Hall, Stafford as she poses a threat to Elizabeth. Elizabeth builds up an extensive network of spies headed by Francis Walsingham to help protect her. He implicates Mary in a plot to depose Elizabeth and she is tried and convicted of treason. Elizabeth is reluctant to execute her cousin. She doesn’t want to set a precedent by executing an anointed monarch. After months of prevaricating, she finally has Mary beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle.

1588 – The defeat of the Spanish Armada

After the death of Mary, Queen of Scots the Pope urges Philip of Spain to invade England. England and Spain have long been bitter rivals and Philip launches a great fleet of ships, known as the Spanish Armada. Elizabeth is adamant she will retain her crown and that England will remain free from the influence of Rome. She addresses the troops encamped at Tilbury saying she will fight by their side. The Armada is engaged by the Royal Fleet in the channel and then driven to the North Sea by strong winds. Only half of the 130 ships make it back to Spain.

1603 – Elizabeth dies a beloved queen

Elizabeth I dies aged 69. Known forever as ‚the Virgin Queen’, she remains unmarried and childless until the end. In her final years Elizabeth’s reign is beset by problems in Ireland and her failing health. However, the mourning which follows her death is unprecedented. Many ordinary Londoners take to the streets to watch Elizabeth’s journey to her final resting place in Westminster Abbey. As Elizabeth leaves no direct Tudor heir, James VI of Scotland – the son of Mary, Queen of Scots – is named king. The Tudor dynasty that has ruled England for 118 years comes to an end.

Adapted from: http://www.biography.com/people/queen-elizabeth-i-9286133#synopsis

Synopsis

Queen Elizabeth I was born on the September 7, 1533 in Greenwich England. She was a princess but declared illegitimate through political machinations. She eventually claimed the throne at the age of 25 and held it for 44 years, keeping England in the ascendant through wars, and political and religious turmoil. She died in 1603.

Early Life

Elizabeth I, perhaps England’s most famous monarch, grew up in complex and sometimes difficult circumstances. The daughter of King Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn, she was only two years old when she lost her mother. Anne Boleyn was beheaded on the orders of her husband, based on probably false charges of adultery and conspiracy. Before long, Elizabeth and her older half-sister Mary were declared to be illegitimate as her father sought to pave the way for a male heir. The two were later reinstated as potential heirs. Her half-brother Edward was born in 1537 by Henry VIII’s third wife, Jane Seymour. Elizabeth was raised much like any other royal child. She received tutoring and excelled at languages and music. After her father’s death in 1547, Elizabeth spent some time under the care of her stepmother Catherine Parr. Parr hired tutors on Elizabeth’s behalf, including William Grindal and Roger Ascham. Tensions with Parr over Parr’s new husband, Thomas Seymour, led Elizabeth to return to the royal estate at Hatfield, away from the court. Her relationship with Seymour later came under scrutiny, and Seymour was later tried for conspiring to wed Elizabeth in a bid to gain power. Found guilty, Seymour was executed. Elizabeth once again found herself embroiled in political intrigue after Edward’s death in 1553. Her older half-sister Mary and their cousin, Lady Jane Grey, both were in line for the crown. Edward had appointed Grey to be his successor, but her reign proved to be short-lived. Mary gained the support of the English people and unseated Grey after only nine days on the throne. Even though Elizabeth supported Mary in her coup, she was not free from suspicion. A staunch Roman Catholic, Mary sought to restore her country back to her faith, undoing her father’s break from the Pope. While Elizabeth went along with the religious change, she remained a candidate for the throne for those who wanted a return to Protestantism. Thomas Wyatt organized a rebellion against Mary in 1554 with the hopes of making Protestant-raised Elizabeth queen. But his plot was uncovered, and Elizabeth was quickly imprisoned by Mary. Elizabeth disputed any involvement in the conspiracy, but her sister was not wholly convinced. While she was soon released, Elizabeth’s life was firmly in her sister’s hands. Wyatt was executed, but he maintained that Elizabeth was not aware of the rebellion. Elizabeth eventually returned to Hatfield and continued with her studies.

War and Peace

In 1558, Elizabeth took the reins of her country after the death of her sister. She inherited a number of problems stirred up by Mary. The country was at war with France, which proved to be a tremendous drain on the royal coffers. There was also great tension between different religious factions after Mary worked to restore England to Roman Catholicism by any means necessary. In fact, she earned the nickname Bloody Mary for ordering the execution of 300 Protestants as heretics. Elizabeth acted swiftly to address these two pressing issues. During her first session of Parliament in 1559, she called for the passage of the Act of Supremacy, which re-established the Church of England, and the Act of Uniformity, which created a common prayer book. Elizabeth took a moderate approach to the divisive religious conflict in her country. „There is one Jesus Christ,” she once said. „The rest is a dispute over trifles.” The Roman Catholic Church took a dim view of her actions, however. Pope Pius V excommunicated her in 1570. With the assistance of her key advisor, William Cecil, Elizabeth ended the war with France. She was able to avoid clashing with the two other superpowers of the age, France and Spain, for much of her reign. In 1585, Elizabeth entered the fray to support the Protestant rebellion against Spain in the Netherlands. Spain then set its sights on England, but the English navy was able to defeat the infamous Spanish Armada in 1588. According to several reports, the weather proved to be a deciding factor in England’s victory. Elizabeth also had to fend off internal efforts to remove her from the throne. One of the greatest threats came from Mary Stuart, queen of Scots. The daughter of King James V of Scotland, she united her country with France in 1558 when she married the future King Francis II. After Francis’s death, Mary returned to Scotland in 1561. She was raised Catholic and was considered by many English Catholics to be the rightful monarch of England. Elizabeth and Mary were cousins, and Mary had previously lay claim to the English crown. Elizabeth jailed her cousin in 1567 in connection with several assassination attempts, including the Babington Plot. Elizabeth kept Mary imprisoned for nearly 20 years before she finally agreed to have her cousin executed in 1587.

The Virgin Queen

Succession became an another pressing issue for Elizabeth once she took the throne. She showed her talents as a diplomat, managing a number of suitors and potential royal matches during her reign. Through her father and her sister, Elizabeth had seen the troubles and challenges of royal marriages. Mary had made an unpopular choice in marrying Phillip II of Spain, who shared her devotion to the Roman Catholic faith. In the hopes of reuniting their two countries once more, Phillip even offered to wed Elizabeth at one time. Other suitors for Elizabeth’s hand included the king of Sweden, Archduke Charles of Austria, and the future King Henry III of France. She used her availability as a means to political ends, but she never agreed to marriage. She herself seemed to have some interest in a member of her court, Robert Dudley, and their relationship was the subject of much gossip and speculation. Both parties came under suspicion after the mysterious death of Dudley’s wife. Elizabeth, however, seemed to have no interest in sharing power with a spouse. Over time, she cultivated her image as a queen married to her job and her people. For this dedication Elizabeth earned the nickname the „Virgin Queen.”

Elizabeth and the Arts

While she worked hard at court, Elizabeth took time for leisurely pursuits. She loved music and could play the lute herself. Thomas Tallis and William Byrd were among her court musicians. Elizabeth also enjoyed dancing and watching plays. The arts flourished during Elizabeth’s time with the creation of works by such greats as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe. Writers paid tribute to the queen in many literary forms. The poet Edmund Spenser based his character of Gloriana in The Faerie Queen on Elizabeth, and she was sometimes referred to by this name. Artists also honored Elizabeth by painting her portrait. These images reveal that she was an early fashionista in many ways. She loved beautiful clothing and jewelry. Her garments were often made with gold and silver. With the help of makeup, Elizabeth cultivated a dramatically pale look. Unfortunately, her cosmetic concoction, called the spirits of Saturn, was made by mixing white lead and vinegar, which may have impacted her health.

Later Years

Troubled times marked the final years of Elizabeth’s reign. The country suffered from failed crops, unemployment and inflation. There were riots over food shortages and rebellions in Ireland. Elizabeth faced many challenges to her authority, including from one of her favorites, Robert Devereaux, the Earl of Essex. She had sent him to Ireland to quell the rebellion led by Hugh O’Neill. Instead Essex returned to England and sought to start his own rebellion. He was executed for treason in 1601. Despite her fading power, Elizabeth still showed her devotion to her people. She gave one of her most famous speeches in 1601 to the Parliament. During what is referred to as her „Golden Speech,” a self-reflective Elizabeth seemed to look back on her long reign. „Of myself I must say this, I was never any greedy, scraping grasper, nor a strait, fast-holding prince, nor yet a waster. My heart was never set on worldly goods but for my subjects’ good.”

Death and Legacy

Queen Elizabeth drew her final breath on March 24, 1603, at Richmond Palace in Surrey. With her death came the end of the house of Tudor, a royal family that had ruled England since the late 1400s. The son of her former rival, Mary Stuart, succeeded her on the throne as James I. While the end of her reign had been difficult, Elizabeth has largely been remembered as being a queen who supported her people. Her lengthy time on the throne provided her subjects with stability and consistency, and her sharp wits and clever mind helped navigate the nation through religious and political challenges. Sometimes referred to as the Golden Age, the arts had a chance to blossom with Elizabeth’s support.

Adapted from: http://www.royal.gov.uk/historyofthemonarchy/kingsandqueensofengland/thetudors/elizabethi.aspx

Elizabeth I – the last Tudor monarch – was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn.

Her early life was full of uncertainties, and her chances of succeeding to the throne seemed very slight once her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. Roman Catholics, indeed, always considered her illegitimate and she only narrowly escaped execution in the wake of a failed rebellion against Queen Mary in 1554.

Elizabeth succeeded to the throne on her half-sister’s death in November 1558. She was very well-educated (fluent in six languages), and had inherited intelligence, determination and shrewdness from both parents.

Her 45-year reign is generally considered one of the most glorious in English history. During it a secure Church of England was established. Its doctrines were laid down in the 39 Articles of 1563, a compromise between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism.

Elizabeth herself refused to ‚make windows into men’s souls … there is only one Jesus Christ and all the rest is a dispute over trifles’; she asked for outward uniformity.

Most of her subjects accepted the compromise as the basis of their faith, and her church settlement probably saved England from religious wars like those which France suffered in the second half of the 16th century.

Although autocratic and capricious, Elizabeth had astute political judgement and chose her ministers well; these included Burghley (Secretary of State), Hatton (Lord Chancellor) and Walsingham (in charge of intelligence and also a Secretary of State).

Overall, Elizabeth’s administration consisted of some 600 officials administering the great offices of state, and a similar number dealing with the Crown lands (which funded the administrative costs). Social and economic regulation and law and order remained in the hands of the sheriffs at local level, supported by unpaid justices of the peace.

Elizabeth’s reign also saw many brave voyages of discovery, including those of Francis Drake, Walter Raleigh and Humphrey Gilbert, particularly to the Americas. These expeditions prepared England for an age of colonisation and trade expansion, which Elizabeth herself recognised by establishing the East India Company in 1600.

The arts flourished during Elizabeth’s reign. Country houses such as Longleat and Hardwick Hall were built, miniature painting reached its high point, theatres thrived – the Queen attended the first performance of Shakespeare’s ‚A Midsummer Night’s Dream’. Composers such as William Byrd and Thomas Tallis worked in Elizabeth’s court and at the Chapel Royal, St. James’s Palace.

The image of Elizabeth’s reign is one of triumph and success. The Queen herself was often called ‚Gloriana’, ‚Good Queen Bess’ and ‚The Virgin Queen’.

Investing in expensive clothes and jewellery (to look the part, like all contemporary sovereigns), she cultivated this image by touring the country in regional visits known as ‚progresses’, often riding on horseback rather than by carriage. Elizabeth made at least 25 progresses during her reign.

However, Elizabeth’s reign was one of considerable danger and difficulty for many, with threats of invasion from Spain through Ireland, and from France through Scotland. Much of northern England was in rebellion in 1569-70. A papal bull of 1570 specifically released Elizabeth’s subjects from their allegiance, and she passed harsh laws against Roman Catholics after plots against her life were discovered.

One such plot involved Mary, Queen of Scots, who had fled to England in 1568 after her second husband’s murder and her subsequent marriage to a man believed to have been involved in his murder.

As a likely successor to Elizabeth, Mary spent 19 years as Elizabeth’s prisoner because Mary was the focus for rebellion and possible assassination plots, such as the Babington Plot of 1586.

Mary was also a temptation for potential invaders such as Philip II. In a letter of 1586 to Mary, Elizabeth wrote, ‚You have planned … to take my life and ruin my kingdom … I never proceeded so harshly against you.’ Despite Elizabeth’s reluctance to take drastic action, on the insistence of Parliament and her advisers, Mary was tried, found guilty and executed in 1587.

In 1588, aided by bad weather, the English navy scored a great victory over the Spanish invasion fleet of around 130 ships – the ‚Armada’. The Armada was intended to overthrow the Queen and re-establish Roman Catholicism by conquest, as Philip II believed he had a claim to the English throne through his marriage to Mary.

During Elizabeth’s long reign, the nation also suffered from high prices and severe economic depression, especially in the countryside, during the 1590s. The war against Spain was not very successful after the Armada had been beaten and, together with other campaigns, it was very costly.

Though she kept a tight rein on government expenditure, Elizabeth left large debts to her successor. Wars during Elizabeth’s reign are estimated to have cost over £5 million (at the prices of the time) which Crown revenues could not match – in 1588, for example, Elizabeth’s total annual revenue amounted to some £392,000.

Despite the combination of financial strains and prolonged war after 1588, Parliament was not summoned more often. There were only 16 sittings of the Commons during Elizabeth’s reign, five of which were in the period 1588-1601. Although Elizabeth freely used her power to veto legislation, she avoided confrontation and did not attempt to define Parliament’s constitutional position and rights.

Elizabeth chose never to marry. If she had chosen a foreign prince, he would have drawn England into foreign policies for his own advantages (as in her sister Mary’s marriage to Philip of Spain); marrying a fellow countryman could have drawn the Queen into factional infighting. Elizabeth used her marriage prospects as a political tool in foreign and domestic policies.

However, the ‚Virgin Queen’ was presented as a selfless woman who sacrificed personal happiness for the good of the nation, to which she was, in essence, ‚married’.

Late in her reign, she addressed Parliament in the so-called ‚Golden Speech’ of 1601 when she told MPs: ‚There is no jewel, be it of never so high a price, which I set before this jewel; I mean your love.’ She seems to have been very popular with the vast majority of her subjects.

Overall, Elizabeth’s always shrewd and, when necessary, decisive leadership brought successes during a period of great danger both at home and abroad. She died at Richmond Palace on 24 March 1603, having become a legend in her lifetime. The date of her accession was a national holiday for two hundred years.

Author: Alicja Gładysz 2a

Życie i czasy Elżbiety I

The Life and Times of Queen Elizabeth I

Elżbieta I

Nicknames:

• Virgin Queen
• Gloriana
• Good Queen Bess

Time of her rules:

• 1558 – 1603 (45 years)
• Called the Golden Age
• 17 November – date of her coronation – national holiday for more than 200 years

1533 – 7^th of September E. is born/ died in 1603

• Born in Greenwich Palace
• Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
• is well educated – can speak 4 languages – Roger Asham (her tutor)

1536 – her mother executed

• Anna Boleyn was accused of adultery (zdrada) because she didn’t give Henry VIII son
• Beheaded
• declared illegitimate

1547 – Henry VIII dies

• Her 9-year-old brother Edward VI became a king

1553 – Edward dies

• Mary I (Mary Tudor) becomes queen
• She is Catholic
• Mary I is called Bloody Mary – killed more than 280 Protestants who didn’t want to change their faith

1554 – E. is imprisoned in the Tower of London

• The Tower was a prison, zoo, place of executions

1558 – E. becomes the Queen

• She is 25
• Privy Council – group of advisors (William Cecil, Robert Cecil, F. Walsingham, T. Gresham)
• Wanted to be beautiful – used a lot of make-up with lead, which made her bold and toothless; said she had only 4 baths a year?; had 80 wigs (peruka); the most beautiful dresses and jewellery
• 1601 – Poor Law – local authorities responsible for the poor
• 1578 – revolt in Ireland – destroyed

1559 – returns England to Protestantism

• Act of Supremacy repeated – Queen is the head of the Church of England
• Pope isn’t the most important person
• New Book of Common Prayer
• Isn’t strict – mild Protestantism
• 1563 – 39 Articles – her church’s doctrine
• The Kirk – Scottish church; 1560 – treaty of Edinburgh – Protestant Regency Council established in Scotland
• 1594 – Protestant rebellion in Ulster – lord Essex defeated it

1560 – love affairs

• Never married to a man, but to a country
• Virgin Queen
• Robert Dudley – lover?/ married man – his wife died in strange circumstances

1566 – Parliament pressure on marriage

• Parliament wants her marriage but she refuses – it will weaken the country
• husbands to choose:
  • Phillip of Spain, French prince, Robert Dudley – Earl of Leicester, Duke of Alecon

1570 – the Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth I

• Catholics started to plot against her and support Mary, Queen of Scots
• Plots against the queen:
  • 1569 – Revolt of the Norhern Earls
  • 1571 – Ridolfi Plot
  • 1580 – Jesuits
  • 1584 – Throckmorton Plot
  • 1586 – Babington Plot – Mary involved and killed

1583 – revolution in theatre

• Formation of Queen Elizabeth’s Men
• Lord Chamberlain’s Men – William Shakespeare – the Globe Theatre
• 1^st theatre in London was founded in 1576
• Renaissance in art
• Nicholas Hilliard – queen’s portraits
• Music – William Byrd, Thomas Tallis
• Poetry – Ben Jonson, Christopher Marlowe – the blank verse, Edmund Spencer – glorification of the queen – The Faerie Queene

1580 – 1585 – exploration and the beginning of the Empire

• Sea dogs – queen’s pirates – ships called galleons – robbed from Spain – Francis Drake, John Hawkings, Martin Frobisher, Walter Raleigh, Humphrey Gilbert
• Francis Drake – 1577-1580 – made the first in England and second in the world trip around the globe; was called El Draque; his ship was called the Golden Hind (łania)
• John Hawkings – first slave trader
• Walter Rayleigh – 1^st colony in America – 1584 – 1589; called Virginia; 1587 – story of 150 settlers, John White, mysterious disappearance, CROATOAN
• Eastland Company created to explore Scandinavia and Baltic – 1579
• Levant Company to explore Ottoman Empire – 1581
• Africa Company – 1588
• East India Company – 1600

1587 – execution of Mary, Queen of Scots

• Catholic
• Kept in prison for 19 years
• Married to French king –
• Auld Alliance
• Killed for treason

1588 – defeat of the Spanish Armada

• King Phillip of Spain – attacked England because of religion, colonies, Mary Queen of Scots
• 1^st Francis Drake attacked Armada in the port of Cadiz
• Spain (130 ships) vs. England (102 ships)
• English commander – Charles Howard
• Reasons England won: weather, better ships, great commanders
• Spain lost half of its fleet – England none

1603 – Elizabeth dies

• Aged 69

 

Autor: Dawid Skraburski

Reżyserowie amerykańscy

Robert Zemeckis

Jest amerykańskim reżyserem i pisarzem. Urodził się 14 maja 1952 w Chicago. Syn emigranta z Litwy i Amerykanki pochodzenia włoskiego.

Jest absolwentem USC w Los Angeles. Podczas studiów poznał Boba Gale’a, który stał się jego najbliższym współpracownikiem. Wspólnie z nim Robert napisał scenariusze swoich najpopularniejszych filmów. Obaj panowie debiutowali w roku 1978 filmem „Chcę trzymać cię za rękę”. Była to historia opowiadająca o amerykańskiej Beatlemanii, której reżyserem był Zemeckis, współscenarzystą Gale, a producentem Steven Spielberg. Pierwsze filmy nie przyniosły artyście popularności. „Miłość, szmaragd i krokodyl”, który stał się przebojem sezonu, wbrew pozorom nie zwrócił uwagi krytyków na reżysera, ale na odtwórcę głównej roli Michaela Douglasa. Nazwisko Zemeckisa stało się głośne dopiero po filmie „Powrót do przyszłości”. Krytycy zachwycali się oryginalnym scenariuszem i sprawną reżyserią, a publiczność tłumnie chodziła do kin. Zachęcony powodzeniem Robert jeszcze dwukrotnie „wracał do przyszłości” w 1989 i 1990 roku. Zemeckis jest reżyserem zafascynowanym efektami specjalnymi. W 1988 roku nakręcił film, który na owe czasy wykorzystywał prawie wszystkie osiągnięcia w tej dziedzinie – „Kto wrobił królika Rogera”. Obraz ten, opowiadający o przygodach prywatnego detektywa – człowieka i królika – kreskówki, podbił serca publiczności na całym świecie.       Kilka lat później Zemeckis zaskoczył wszystkich filmem niezwykłym. Komediowo-dramatyczna historia opowiadająca o perypetiach życiowych opóźnionego w rozwoju chłopca pt. „Forrest Gump”, zachwyciła krytyków i widzów nie tylko swoim pięknem, ale i doskonałą kreacją Toma Hanksa. Za ten film dostał Oscara i Złotego Globa w kategorii Najlepszy reżyser.

 Tim Burton

Tim Burton, a właściwie Timothy Walter Burton urodził się 25 sierpnia 1958 w Burbank. Jest amerykańskim reżyserem, producentem i scenarzysta filmowym.

Wychował się w typowym amerykańskim miasteczku, w którym nigdy nic się nie działo. Jego matka zajmowała się domem, a ojciec pracował jako dozorca terenów sportowych. Gdy Tim nudził się, uciekał w świat swojej wyobraźni. Godzinami oglądał kultowe horrory. Z niecierpliwością czekał na filmy produkowane przez Rogera Cormana z Vincentem Price’em w głównej roli. Interesował się też rysunkiem. Szkoły średniej nie skończył, ale dostał się (pomimo niedostarczenia wymaganych świadectw) na studia na wydziale animacji w California Institute of the Arts. Naukę rozpoczął w 1979 r. jako stypendysta wytwórni Disneya. Niedługo potem został zaangażowany jako animator w Walt Disney Studios.

Tim Burton jest jednym z najoryginalniejszych reżyserów współczesnego kina. Dzięki swojemu specyficznemu, surrealistycznemu poczuciu humoru zyskał sobie na świecie całą rzeszę fanów. Swoją karierę rozpoczynał od pracy w studio Disneya. W 1982 r. zrobił sześciominutową kreskówkę, której narratorem był Vincent Price, opowiadającą o życiu małego chłopca z przedmieścia. Film, w którym wyraźnie widoczne są wpływy niemieckiego ekspresjonizmu, zdobył wiele nagród na całym świecie. Kolejny obraz „Frankenweenie„, zrobiony w 1984 r. uznany został przez szefów Burtona za tak odstający od tego, co studio Disneya wykonywało do tej pory, iż na premierę musiał on czekać aż do roku 1992. Pierwszym filmem fabularnym wyreżyserowanym przez Tima był „Sok z żuka„. Dzięki swojemu specyficznemu humorowi stał się on niekoronowanym przebojem roku. Kolejny obraz Burtona „Batman” uczynił z reżysera gwiazdę pierwszej wielkości. Film nie tylko stał się przebojem, ale wręcz wywołał „batmanię” w Ameryce. Następny obraz „Edward Nożycoręki” został owacyjnie przyjęty przez publiczność na całym świecie i ugruntował pozycję Burtona jako specjalistę od filmów „niekonwencjonalnych”. W 1994 r. Tim, jakby na przekór tym głosom, zrobił film osadzony w rzeczywistym świecie i opowiadający o autentycznych postaciach. Mowa tu o obrazie opisującym życie „najgorszego reżysera świata”: „Ed Wood„. Dwa lata później Burton powrócił do fantastyki i zrobił film będący pastiszem komiksów z lat 50. pt. „Marsjanie atakują!„.

 Christopher Nolan

Urodził się 30 lipca 1970 w Londynie. Jest brytyjskim reżyserem, scenarzystą i producentem filmowym.

Nolan pochodzi z mieszanej rodziny – jego ojciec jest Brytyjczykiem, matka Amerykanką, a on sam posiada także amerykańskie obywatelstwo. Filmy zaczął kręcić w wieku siedmiu lat, kiedy jego ojciec kupił mu kamerę 8 mm. Studiował literaturę angielską na University College London, tam też zaczął kręcić filmy kamerą 16 mm w ramach działalności w studenckim środowisku filmowym.

Jego surrealistyczny Tarantella został pokazany publicznie. W 1996 r. na Cambridge Film Festival pokazano Larceny.

Christopher Nolan zadebiutował filmem Following. Był autorem scenariusza, reżyserem i współmontażystą. Za film Nolan otrzymał nagrodę dla najlepszego reżysera na festiwalu w Newport, zdobył Tiger Award na festiwalu w Rotterdamie, został uhonorowany Silver Hitchcock Award na festiwalu Dinard British Film oraz nagrodą Black & White na festiwalu Slamdance.

Przełomem był film Memento, który przyniósł mu uznanie krytyki i widzów. Otrzymał nominację do Oscara i Złotego Globa w kategorii najlepszy scenariusz. Na festiwalu w Sundance wyróżniono Nolana nagrodą za scenariusz, otrzymał Independent Spirit Award dla najlepszego reżysera i scenarzysty. Stowarzyszenie Krytyków Filmowych Los Angeles przyznało Nolanowi nagrodę za najlepszy scenariusz, a Stowarzyszenie Amerykańskich Reżyserów nominowało Momento do nagrody Outstanding Directorial Achievment in Motion Picture.

Justyna, Kasia, Wiktoria 2d

„Makbet”

 

Bohaterowie:

• Dunkan – Król Szkocji
  • Malkolm – starszy syn Dunkana
  • Donalbein – młodszy syn Dunkana
• Makbet – wódz w armii króla Dunkana; hrabia Glamis Cawdor, a następnie król Szkocji po zamordowaniu Dunkana
• Lady Makbet – żona Makbeta, później królowa Szkocji
• Banko – przyjaciel Makbeta i II wódz armii Dunkana
  • Fleance – syn Banka Trzy wiedźmy
• Makduf – hrabia Fife
  • Lady Makduf – żona Makdufa
  • Syn Makdufa

• Ross, Lennox, Angus, Menteith, Caithness – hrabiowie
• Siward – dowódca wojska angielskiego
  • Siward młody – syn Siwarda
• Sejton – poddany Makbeta
• Hekate – królowa czarownic
• Trzy czarownice – przepowiadają Makbetowi, że zostanie królem
• Zbójcy
• Odźwierny – portier w zamku Makbeta
• Doktor – lekarz Lady Makbet
• Dama – służąca Lady Makbet

Adaptacje filmowe

• Makbet, film z 1916 roku w reżyserii Johna Emersona
• Makbet, film z 1948 roku w reżyserii Orsona Wellesa
• Tron we krwi film z 1957 roku w reżyserii Akiry Kurosawy osadzony w feudalnej Japonii.
• Tragedia Makbeta, film z 1971 roku w reżyserii Romana Polańskiego
• Makbet, film z 1978 roku w reżyserii Philipa Cassona
• Macbeth, australijski film z 2006 roku w reżyserii Geoffreya Wrighta osadzony we współczesnym Melbourne
• „Macbeth 2007” Grzegorza Jarzyny
• Makbet, film z 2015 roku w reżyserii Justina Kurzela

 

Opis bohaterów:

Makbet

Był kuzynem króla Dunkana dowódcą wojsk szkockich. Ranny żołnierz, zdając władcy relację z pola bitwy, podkreśla jego wyjątkowe zdolności bojowe oraz wielką odwagę bohatera, dzięki której nieugięcie stawiał czoła wrogom, ostatecznie odnosząc zwycięstwo. Zaś sam władca wypowiada się o nim jako o wiernym i wspaniałym słudze.

Pierwsza zmiana w postępowaniu Makbeta spowodowana jest ziarnem żądzy, które zasiały w nim czarownice. Te przerażające istoty nazwały go mianem przyszłego króla Szkocji, co obudziło olbrzymią ambicję bohatera i dało jej niezwykle silny bodziec. Od tego momentu bohater często przeżywa rozterki będące wynikiem ścierania się dwóch potężnych sił – pragnienia władzy oraz wierności swemu dobroczyńcy.

Ostatecznie górę bierze pragnienie władzy, nieustannie podsycane przez Lady Makbet. Wtedy tytułowy bohater daje się poznać jako człowiek bezwzględny i zdolny do wszystkiego. By osiągnąć upragniony cel, morduje Dunkana, a następnie każe wyeliminować dawnego przyjaciela i jego syna. Działania te umacniają w nim późniejsze przepowiednie wiedźm. Słysząc je, Makbet nabiera przeświadczenia o swej wielkości, czuje się niepokonanym, nikomu nie okazuje litości.

Jednak nie potrafi on pozostać niewzruszonym. Widma popełnionych zbrodni nawiedzają go, osłabiając jego psychikę. Pojawiają się chwile, w których Makbeta ogarnia lęk. Można nawet odnieść wrażenie, że żałuje popełnionej zbrodni, szczególnie w obliczu osamotnienia (po śmierci małżonki).

Tytułowy bohater dzieła Szekspira jest postacią wymykającą się jednoznacznej ocenie. Głównym argumentem świadczącym przeciw niemu jest opisana na kartach utworu zbrodnia. Warto jednak pamiętać, że idea ta narodziła się w jego umyśle dopiero po spotkaniu wiedźm, a początkowy niechęć zrealizowania jej została przełamana przy znacznym udziale Lady Makbet. W ten sposób, przez słabość charakteru i tendencję do ulegania innym, szlachetny i nieulękniony wojownik stał się godnym potępienia królobójcą.

Lady Makbet

Lady Makbet często uważana jest za jedną z najlepiej wykreowanych i najbardziej rozpoznawalnych postaci w historii literatury. Już na początku dzieła Lady Makbet może imponować silną wolą i nieugiętym charakterem. Jednak cechy te wykorzystuje, hołdując zbrodniczym zamiarom i żądzy władzy. Szybko okazuje się silniejsza, bardziej zdecydowana od męża. Zaciekle pokonuje jego obiekcje, pragnąc stać się królową.

Z upływem czasu Lady Makbet znacznie zmienia swe postępowanie. Popełniona zbrodnia odciska piętno na jej psychice. Pojawiają się wyrzuty sumienia, które stopniowo stają się coraz silniejsze. Potężne uczucie lęku i strach oraz brak możliwości zaufania komukolwiek sprawiają, że bohaterka powoli traci świadomość.

W ostatnim akcie Lady Makbet jest postacią żyjącą zupełnie poza sferą świadomości. Niczym w lunatycznym szale przemierza korytarze przerażającego zamczyska, krzycząc o zbrodni i uporczywie obmywając zbrukane krwią ręce. Ostatecznie popełnia samobójstwo, ponosząc okrutną i bolesną klęskę.

Banko – szlachetny i odważny rycerz, przyjaciel Makbeta. Wraz z tytułowym bohaterem spotkał trzy wiedźmy, od których dowiedział się, że zapoczątkuje królewską linię. Obrał on jednak inną drogę niż towarzysz, nie uciekając się do zbrodni. Gdy zaczął uświadamiać sobie zamiary Makbeta, postanowił opuścić jego zamek, lecz wynajęci przez dawnego przyjaciela zabójcy okazali się szybsi. Śmierć nie kończy jednak udziału tej postaci w sztuce, ponieważ powraca on jako duch.

Dunkan – prawowity władca Szkocji. Był mężczyzną w podeszłym wieku (dlatego nie mógł dowodzić armią), a powszechny szacunek, jakim cieszył się wśród tanów, świadczył najprawdopodobniej o jego wielkich dokonaniach z przeszłości. Sam Makbet – przyszły królobójca – wypowiadał się o nim pozytywnie, dostrzegając szczodrość, łaskawość i dobrotliwość króla, człowieka chętnie wspierającego wiernych poddanych.

Malkolm – syn Dunkana, przyszły następca tronu. Początkowo był oskarżony o zabójstwo ojca i salwował się ucieczką do Anglii. W rozmowie z Makdufem początkowo przedstawia się jako postać niegodna tronu, zepsuta i ulegającą żądzom bardziej niż Makbet. Dopiero później wyjawił tanowi Fajfu, że w ten sposób próbował wybadać, czy jego rozmówca nie jest nasłanym przez uzurpatora zabójcą. Malkolm to człowiek odważny, przebiegły i rozumny. Z wielką czcią patrzy na króla Anglii, w którym dostrzega wiele wspaniałych przymiotów.

Trzy wiedźmy

Trzy wiedźmy – najbardziej tajemnicze i niepokojące postaci ukazane w dziele Szekspira. Przeszłość, teraźniejszość i przyszłość zdają się nie mieć przed nimi tajemnic, trudno jednak określić, czy znają to, co zostało zapisane, czy mają możliwość kreowania jej poprzez wykorzystywanie ludzkich słabości i pragnień. Z łatwością wywierają zgubny wpływ na Makbeta, z kolei Banko nie daje się omamić ich słowami.

Hekate – wywodząca się z mitologii greckiej bogini czarów, magii i rozdroży. Wydaje się być potężniejszą od trzech wiedźm, które podporządkowują się jej żądaniom. Wielu badaczy ma wątpliwości, czy została umieszczona w dziele przez Szekspira. Znacznie bardziej prawdopodobna wydaje się wersja, że fragmenty z nią weszły do utworu później.

Źródła

Wypracowania.pl